Slovesa následovaná průbehovým tvarem

  • po některých slovesech následuje zásadně průběhový tvar
    • stop, recommend, admit, avoid, imagine, finish, consider, deny, risk, fancy
    • -> Have you considered living in another country.
    • -> He tried to avoid answering my question.
    • -> Suddenly everybody stopped talking.
  • používá se i po některých frázových slovesech
    • give up, put off, go on, carry on, keep (on)
    • -> I’ve given up buying newspapers.
  • u dokončencých akcí lze použít having done
    • -> They admitted having stolen the money. = They admitted stealing the money.
  • zápor: sloveso + not + sloveso + -ing
    • -> Can you imagine not having access to the internet.
  • po průběhovém tvaru už další průběhový tvar nenásleduje

Slovesa následovaná infinitivem

  • po některých slovesech následuje zásadně infinitiv
    • offer, plan, investigate, manage, deserve, agree, arrange, fail, afford, refuse, hope, promise, learn, decide, forget, threaten, tend, seem, appear, pretend, claim
    • -> It was a long way to go, so we decided to take a taxi.
    • -> I like Dan, but I think he tends to talk too much.
    • -> How old were you when you learnt to drive.
  • zápor: sloveso + not + infinitiv
    • -> We decided not to go out because of the weather.
  • po dare následuje infitiv buď s to nebo bez něj
    • -> I didn’t dare to tell him. = I didn’t dare tell him.
    • po záporu (dare not/daren’t) se to nikdy nepoužívá
  • po kromě prostěho infinitivu (to do) lze použít i infinitiv průběhový (to be doing) nebo infinitiv perfekta (to have done)
    • -> I pretended to be reading.
    • -> She claimed not to have seen him.
  • po některých slovesech používáme otázková slovesa a infinitv
    • ask, know, decide, remember, forget, learn, explain, understand, wonder
    • -> Have you decided what you want to do already?
    • -> I don’t know whether to apply for the job or not.

S objektem

  • mezi sloveso a infitiv lze vkládat objekt
    • -> We expected Dan to be late.
  • nejčastěji se s objektem pojí tato slovesa:
    • tell, advise, remind, warn, invite, encourage, persuade, get, force, teach, allow, enable
    • -> I wouldn’t advise you to stay in this hotel.
    • -> Can you remind me to call Sam tomorrow.
    • -> Joe said the switch was dangerous and warned me not to touch it.
  • po want neříkáme that
    • -> Do you want me to come with you?
  • po help se to používat nemusí
    • -> Can you help me to move the table? = Can you help me move the table?
  • sloveso může být i v trpném rodě
    • -> I was warned not to touch the switch.
  • říkáme make somebody do nebo let somebody do
    • -> How weather makes me feel tired.
    • -> Her parents wouldn’t let her go out alone.
    • v trpném rodě made somebody do
      • -> They made us wait for two hours.

Slovesa, která mohou být následována průběhovým tvarem i infinitivem

Remember

  • remember doing
    • = to do something and them remember it
    • -> I remember locking the door rather clearly.
  • remember to do
    • = to have in mind something I will have to do
    • -> Remember to lock door when you go out.

Regret

  • regret doing
    • = to do something you are sorry about afterwards
    • -> I now regret saying what I said.
  • regret to do
    • = to be sorry to have to do
    • -> I regret to say that we are unable to accept your offer.

Go on

  • go on doing
    • = to continue doing the same thing
    • -> The president paused for a moment and the went on talking.
  • go on to do
    • = to do something new
    • -> After discussing the economy, the president went on to talk about foreign policy.

Try

  • try doing
    • = to do something as an experiment.
    • -> I tried listening to Jordan Peterson.
  • try to do
    • = to attempt to do, to make an effort to do
    • -> I tried to play a new piece on the piano, but it’s too hard.

Need

  • need to do a need doing znamená v podstatě to samé
  • dají se zaměňovat
  • -> This TV needs to be fixed. = This TV needs fixing.

Help

  • help (to) do
    • -> Everybody helped (to) clean up after the party.
  • can’t help doing
    • = to not be able to stop doing
    • -> I can’t help feeling sorry for him.

Like, love, hate

  • hovoříme-li o opakující se akci, lze použít obojí
    • -> Do you like getting up so early? = Do you like to get up so early.
    • -> Stephanie hates flying. = Stephanie hates to fly.
  • hovoříme-li o právě probíhající nebo již proběhlé akci, používáme jen kombinaci s průběhovým tvarem
    • -> I like being a student.
  • mezi like to do a like doing je někdy malý rozdíl
    • like doing = to choose to do something that I enjoy doing
      • -> I like cleaning the kitchen.
    • like to do = to choose to do something I might not enjoy doing
      • -> I like to clean the kitchen as often as possible.

Would like, would love, would hate

  • většinou jsou následovány infitivem
  • -> I’d like to go away for a few days.
  • -> I would hate to make you feel unhappy.
  • po would mind následuje průběhový tvar
    • -> Would you mind doing the presentation on your own, I don’t really have much time now.

Would like to have done

  • = to regret not doing or not being able to
  • -> It’s a shame we didn’t see Anna. I would like to have seen her again.
  • to samé jde s love a hate

Prefer, would rather

Prefer

  • hovoříme-li o něčem, co obecně preferujeme, lze použít obojí
  • Struktura
    • prefer - sth. - to - sth.
    • prefer - doing - sth. - to - doing - sth.
    • prefer - doing - sth. - rather than - (doing) - sth.
    • prefer - to - do - rather than - (do) - sth.
  • -> I prefer this coat to that one.
  • -> I prefer driving to travelling by train.
  • -> I prefer to drive rather than go by train.

Would prefer

  • používe se, když mluvíme o specifické situaci, nikoli obecně
  • po would prefer následuje infinitiv
  • -> Would you prefer tea or coffee?
  • -> I’d prefer to stay home tonight rather than go to the cinema.

Would rather

  • = would prefer to
  • po would rather následuje infitiv bez to
  • zápor: rather not
  • struktura: rather - do - sth. - than - do - sth.
  • -> Which would you rather do, go to the cinema or go shopping?
  • -> I’d rather stay at home than go to the cinema.
  • I’d rather somebody did something
    • význam je v přítomném čase
    • -> I’d rather you made dinner tonight.
    • zápor: I’d rather you didn’t do something
      • -> I’d rather you didn’t tell anyone.

Slovesa s předložkami

Předložka + průběhová forma

  • po předložkách vždy následují průběhové formy
  • -> Are you interested in working for us?
  • -> I’m not good at learning languages.
  • -> I phoned Sarah before going out.
  • -> What did you do after leaving school.
  • -> You can improve your English by reading more.
  • -> Many accidents are caused by people driving too fast.
  • -> We ran ten kilometres without stopping.
  • to může fungovat jako předložka
    • musí po něm následovat průběhový tvar
    • -> I prefer going by bus to going by train.

Sloveso + předložka + průběhová forma

  • lze používat strukturu sloveso - předložka - průběhová forma
  • -> We talked about going to Africa.
  • spojení:
    • approve of
      • -> He doesn’t approve of swearing.
    • decide against
      • -> We have decided against moving to London.
    • dream of
      • -> I wouldn’t dream of killing a person.
    • feel like
      • -> I don’t feel like doing anything today.
    • insist on
      • -> They insisted on paying for the dinner.
    • look forward to
      • -> I’m really looking forward to the meeting on Friday.
    • succeed in
      • -> We have succeeded in finding a new element.
    • think of/about
      • -> I am thinking about buying a new phone.
  • mezi sloveso a předložku se někdy vkládá předmět
    • accuse of
      • -> He accused me of abusing student on campus.
    • congratulate on
      • -> We congratulated Lisa on winning the first prize.
    • prevent from
      • -> We prevented a catastrophe from happening.
    • stop from
      • -> We stopped him from jumping off the cliff.
    • suspect of
      • -> Nobody suspected the minister of being a spy.
    • thank for
      • -> I thanked everyone for respecting me.

Další spojení s průběhovou formou

There is no point in/It’s no use/ It’s no good doing

  • -> There is no point in having a car if you don’t use it.
  • -> It’s no use worrying about what happened.
  • -> It’s no good trying to persuade me.
  • no point in lze nahradit the point of v otázkách
    • -> What’s the point of having a car if you don’t use it.

It’s (not) worth doing

  • -> It’s worth spending time on self-development.
  • -> The town is beautiful. It’s worth seeing.
  • můžeme říct i something is (not) worth it
    • -> We didn’t go to bed. It wasn’t worth it.

Have trouble/difficulty/a problem doing

  • -> I had no problem finding a place to stay.
  • -> I had difficulty searching for information on the topic.

Spend/waste time doing

  • -> He spent hours trying to repair his bike.
  • dá se použít také be busy doing
    • -> He is so busy just reading through textbooks he doesn’t spend any time with me.

Go doing

  • používá se hlavně pro sporty
  • -> How often do you go swimming.

Další spojení s infinitivem

  • infinitiv lze spojit s adjektivy
  • -> James doesn’t speak clearly. It’s hard to understand him./He is hard to understand.
  • na konec takové věty se nedává další zájmeno
  • mezi adjektivum a infinitiv lze vložit sunstantivum, na které se adjektivum váže
    • -> This is a difficult question to answer.
  • říkáme it’s nice of somebody
    • -> It was very nice of you to take me to the airport.
    • to samé jde s kind, generous, careless, silly, stupid, inconsiderate, unfair, typical
  • říkáme somebody is sorry to
    • -> We are sorry to inform you that you mother has died this morning.
    • to samé jde s sad, glad, pleased, relieved, surprised, amazed, disappointed
  • říkáme something is bound to happen
    • -> Putin is bound to invade Ukraine.
    • to samé jde s sure, likely
  • infinitiv lze použít i po číslovkách
    • -> If I have any more news, you will be the first one to know.

Spojení s průběhovou formou i infinitivem

Afraid

  • to be afraid to do something
    • = not to want to do something that might be dangerous or that might have bad consequences
    • -> This part of town is dangerous and people are afraid to walk here at night.
  • to be afraid of something happening
    • = to not feel comfortable doing something because it might have bad consequences
    • -> The path was icy, so we walked very carefully. We were afraid of falling.
  • -> I was afraid to go near the dog because I was afraid of being bitten.

Interested

  • to be interested in doing something
    • -> Let me know if you’re interested in joining the club.
    • -> I tried to sell my car, but nobody was interested in buying it.
  • to be interested to do something
    • -> I was interested to hear that Tanya left her job.
    • -> I’m interested to know what Mike knows.
    • stejně lze použít i slovesa jako surprised a glad

Sorry

  • to be sorry for doing
    • používáme, když se za něco omlouváme
    • -> I’m sorry for shouting at you earlier.
    • stejný význam má sorry ve spojení s minulým časem
      • -> I’m sorry I shouted at you earlier.
  • to be sorry to do
    • používáme, když je nám něčeho líto
    • -> I’m sorry to hear that Nicky lost her job.
    • -> I’m sorry to bother you, but I need to ask you a question.

See

  • to see somebody do
    • = to see how somebody did something (a whole action)
    • -> I saw Tom get into his car and drive away.
  • to see somebody doing
    • = to see how somebody did something (a part of an action)
    • -> I saw Kate waiting for a bus.

Rozdíly mezi to, for a so that

  • to je součástí infinitivního tvaru
    • používá se, když hovoříme o smyslu dělání něčeho
      • -> I called the restaurant to reserve a table.
    • někdy se po infinitivu objevuje předložka
      • -> Is there a chair to sit on.
    • někdy se kombinuje s obejktem
      • -> They gave us some money to buy food.
  • for se častěji váže na substantivum
    • -> We had to stop for petrol.
    • můžeme říct for somebody to do
      • -> There weren’t any chairs for us to sit on.
    • když se for váže na sloveso, vyjadřuje, že se něco k něčemu používá
      • -> This brush is for washing the dishes.
    • ptáme-li se na funkci, použijeme otázkové slovo a for
      • -> What is this switch for?
      • -> I took the site down. - What for?
  • so that používáme s can/could a will/would
    • -> She is leaving England so that she can study in Canada.
    • that se může vynechat
      • -> I hurried so I wouldn’t be late.